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Section VIII: REFERENCES

  1. Cuthbertson D. Inter-relationships of metabolic changes consequent to injury.  Br Med Bull 1954:10; 33-37.

  2. Moore FD.  Getting well.  The biology of surgical convalescence.  Am N.Y. and Sci 1958:73; 387-90.

  3. Hunter J. Treatise on the blood, inflammation and gunshot wounds. London Nichol 1794.

  4. Moore FD, Brennan M. Surgical injury, body composition, protein metabolism and neuro-endocrinology. In Ballinger W, Collins J, Manuel of Surgical Nutrition. Saunders W, Philadelphia 1975:p 169-202.

  5. Torun B, Cherv F. Protein-energy malnutrition. In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. M Shels editor Lea and Felugan. Philadelphia 1994, p 950.

  6. Roubenoff R, Kehajias J. The meaning and measurement of lean body mass. Nutr Rev 1991:49; 163-175.

  7. Moran L, Custer P, Murphy G. Nutritional assessment of lean body mass. J Pen 1980:4; 595.

  8. Kotler D. Magnitude of cell body mass depletion and timing of death from wasting in AIDS. Am J Clin Nutr 1984:50; 444-447.

  9. Wallace J, Schwartz R, et al. Involuntary weight loss in outpatients: incidences and clinical significance. J Am Geriatric Soc 1995:43; 329-337.

  10. Wallace JL. Involuntary weight loss in elderly outpatients: recognition, etiologies and treatment. Clinics in Geriatr Med 1997:13; 717-735..

  11. Demling R. Endocrine changes with illness in Current Surgical Therapy. J Cameron ed Mosby 1998: p 113-1143.

  12. Bessy J. Stress response to injury: endo crinologic and metabolic current.  Practice of Surgery, L. Greenfield, ed Churchill 1995, p1-12.

  13. Wolfe R. Relation of metabolic studies to clinical nutrition: the example of burn injury. Am J Clin Nutr 1996:64; 800-808.

  14. Wolfe R. An integrated analysis of glucose, fat and protein metabolism in severely traumatized patients.  Ann Surg 1989:209; 63-72.

  15. Demling R. Anticatabolic and anabolic strategies in critical illness: a review of current treatment modalities.  Shock 1998:10; 155-60.

  16. Kester P, Caplan R, Souba W, Andrassy R. Metabolic response to trauma. Contemp Ortho 1987:14; 53-59.

  17. Sarkisian CA, Lachs MS. Failure to thrive in older adults. Am Intern Med 1996:214; 1072-78.

  18. American Dietetic Association. Nutrition assessment in the adult. In: Manual of clinical Dietetics, Chicago. The American Dietetic Association 1996: p3.

  19. Wernerman J, Brandt R, Strandell T. The effect of stress hormones on the interorgan flux of amino acids and concentration of free amino acids in skeletal muscle. Clin Nutr 1985:4; 207-216

  20. Cerra F. Hypermetabolism organ failure and metabolic support.  Surgery 1987:191; 1-28.

  21. Brewlow RA, Hallfrisch J, et al. The importance of dietary protein in healing pressure ulcers.  Jour Amer Geriatric Soc 1993:41; 357-362.

  22. Klipstein-Grobusch K, Reilly J. Energy intake and expenditure in elderly patients admitted to the hospital with acute illness.  Brit J Nutr 1995:73; 323-324.

  23. Wray C, Mammen J, Hasselgren P. Catabolic response to stress and potential benefits of nutrition support. Nutrition 2002:18; 97.

  24. Hasselgren P, Fischer J. Muscle cachexia: current concepts of intracellular mechanisms and molecular regulation. Am Surg 2001:233; 9-17.

  25. Hasselgren P, Fischer J. Sepsis: stimulation of energy dependent protein breakdown resulting in protein loss in skeletal muscle. World J Surg 1998:22; 203-8.

  26. Biols G, Toigo G, Ciocechi B, et al. Metabolic response to injury and sepsis: changes in protein metabolism. Nutrition 1997:13; 52-57.

  27. Jeveendra M, Ramos J, Shamos R, Shiller R. Decreased growth hormone levels in the catabolic phase of severe injury.  Surgery 111:1992; 495-502.

  28. Ziegler T, Wilmore D. Strategies for attenuating protein-catabolic responses in the critically ill.  Am Rev Med 1994:45; 459.

  29. Cahill G. Starvation in man. N Engl J Med 1970:282; 668-675.

  30. Demling R, DeSanti L. The stress response to injury and infection: role of nutritional support. Wounds 2000:12; 134.

  31. Blaum C. Validity of the minimum data set for assessing nutritional status in nursing home residents.  Am J Clin Nutr 1997:4; 787-794.

  32. Morley J. Why do physicians fail to recognize and treat malnutrition in older persons? J Amer Geriatric Soc 1993:39; 1139-40.

  33. Shizgal H. Nutritional assessment and skeletal muscle function.  Nutritional assessment. Aust NZ J Surg 1986:56; 743-7.

  34. Morgan D, Hill G, Bukenshaw L. The assessment of weight loss from a single measurement of body weight: the problems and limitations. Am J Clin Nutr 1998:322; 2101-2105.

  35. Barrocas A. Nutritional assessment. Practical approaches. Clin Geriatr Med 1995:11; 675-683.

  36. DeBiasse MA and Wilmore DW. What is optimal nutritional support? New Horizons 1994:2(2); 122-130.

  37. Demling R. Micronutrients in critical illness. Crit Care Med 1995:11; 651-70.

  38. Vitamin preparations as dietary supplements and as therapeutic agents. Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 1987:257; 1929.

  39. Delmi M, Rapen C, Bengoa J. Dietary supplementation in elderly patients with fractured neck of the femur. Lancet 1990:334; 1013-18.

  40. Himes D. Nutritional supplements in the treatment of pressure ulcers: practical perspectives. Advances in Wound Care 1997:10(1); 30-31.

  41. Demling R. Anticatabolic and anabolic strategies in critical illness. Shock 1998:10; 155-60.

  42. Demling R, DeSanti L. Use of anticatabolic agents for burns. Curr Op Crit Care 1996:2; 482-91.

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