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THE   BURN   NUTRITION   MODULE

Robert H. Demling, M.D. Leslie DeSanti R.N.Dennis P. Orgill, M.D. PhD.

Section XII

REFERENCES

 

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Bessey P, Jiang Z, Johnson D, Wilmore D: Post traumatic skeletal muscle proteolysis: the role of the hormonal environment.  WorIdJSurg,13:465-70 1989.

 

Aulick LH, Wilmore DW: Increased peripheral amino acid release following bum injury. Surgery, 85: 560-565, 1979.

 

Watters JM, Bessey PQ, Dinarello CA: Both inflammatory and endocrine mediators stimulate host  response to sepsis.  Arch Surg, 121: 179-182, 1985.

 

Lonf C, Shaffel M: Metabolic response to injury and illness; Estimation of energy and protein need from indirect calorimetry and nitrogen balance.  J PEN, 3: 452-456, 1979.

 

Kowal-Versr A, Walenga J. Gamelli R. Trauma and thermal injury: comparison of hemostatic and cytokinic changes in the acute phase of injury J.Trauma 44: 325-330.

 

Yeh F, Len W, Shen N. Fang R: Changes in TNF -alpha in burned patients.  Burns 23:6-10: 1997

 

Wemerman J, Brandt R: The effect of stress hormones on the interorgan flux of amino acids and the concentration of free amino acids in skeletal muscle.  Clin Nutr., 4: 207-216, 1985.

 

Jeveendra M, Ramos J, Shamos R, Shiller R: Decreased growth hormone levels in the catabolic phase of severe injury.  Surgery, 111: 495-502, 1992.

 

Plymate S, Vaughan G, Pruitt B: Central hypogonadism in burned men.  Hormone Res, 27: 152-158, 1987.

 

Hill GL: Body composition research: implications for the practice of clinical nutrition.  JPEN, 16:197-218, 1992.

 

Smith A, Bardeay C. Qualba A: The bigger the burn the greater the stress: Burns. 23:291-294: 1997.

 

Windsor J: Weight loss with physiologic impairment - a basic indicator of surgical risk.  Ann Surg, 207: 290296, 1988.

 

Kinney J, Duke J, Long C: Tissue fuel and weight loss after injury.  J Clin Pathol, 4: 65-72, 1970.

 

Wilmore D, Barrow R, Kunkle K: Effect of recombinant human growth hormone and high calorie feedings following thermal injury. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 138:875-884, 1974.

 

Wolf R: Relation of metabolic studies to clinical nutrition - the example of bum injury.  American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 64; 800-808, 1996.

 

Wolfe R, Hemdon D, Jahoor F: Effect of severe bum injury on substrate cyclying by glucose and fatty acids. NEngJMed. 317:403-408,1987

 

Herndon D, Nguyent T, Wolfe R:  Lypolysis in burned patients is stimulated by the B2 receptor for catecholamines.  Arch Surg 129: 1301-1305, 1994.

 

Yui Y, Young V. Tompkins R, Burke J:  Plasma arginine and leucine kinetics and urea production rates in bum patients.  Metabolism. 44:659-666; 1995.

 

Yu Y, Ryan C, Burke J, Wolfe M: Response of protein and urea kinetics in burn patients to different levels of protein intake.  Ann Surg. 222: 283-297, 1995

 

Larsson J, Tennmarken C, Martenson J: Nitrogen requirements in severely injured patients. Br.  J Surg, 77: 413-420, 1990.

 

Wolfe R, Goodenough R, Barke J: Response of protein and urea kinetics in burn patients to different levels of protein intake.  Ann Surg, 197: 163-171, 1983.

 

Jahoor F, Hemdon D, Wolfe R: Role of insulin and glucagon in the response of glucose and alanine kinetics in burn injured patients.  J Clin.  Invest., 78: 807-814, 1986

 

Rodrigues D. Nutrition in patients with severe burns: state of the art.  J. Burn Care Rehab. 17:62-70. 1996

 

Wememess J, Vinsars E: Glutamine but not branches chain amino acids reduce the loss of muscle glutamine after surgical trauma.  Metabolism, 38: 63-67, 1989.

 

Reynolds J, Thom A, Zhang S: Arginine, protein malnutrition and cancer.  J Surg Res., 45: 513-517, 1988.

 

Elsair J, Poly J, Issad H: Effect of arginine chlorhydrate on nitrogen balance during the 3 days following routine surgery in man.  Biomedicine, 29: 312-318, 1978.

 

Brennan M, Cerra F, Daly J: Branched chain amino acids in stress and injury.   JPEN 10:  446-451, 1986.

 

Buse M, Reid S: Leucine; A possible regulator of protein turnover in muscle.  J Clin Invest, 56: 1250-1255, 1975.

 

Demling R, De Beasse M: Micronutrients in Critical Illness. Crit Care Clinics, 11: 651-670, 1995

 

Klein G, Nicolal M, Langemen C, Herndon D:  Dyregulation of calcium homeostasis after severe burn injury in children: possible role of magnesium depletion.  Pediatrics 131: 246-251 1997

 

Curreri P, Richmond D, Marvin J, Baxter C: Dietary requirements of patients with major bums.J Am Diet Assoc. 65: 415-417 1974

 

Shane J, Golde M, Silverstein P: Comparison of energy expenditure techniques in severely burned patients.  J Burn Care Rehab 8: 366-370, 1987.

 

Caldwell F, Bowsen B, Crabtree J: The effect of occlusive dressing in the energy metabolism of severely burned children.  Ann Surg 193: 579-591, 1981

 

Wallace B, Caldwell F, Cone J: The interrelationships between wound management, thermal stress, energy metabolism and temperature profiles of patients with burns.  J Burn Care Rehab 15: 499-508, 1994

 

Chearelle A, Enxi G. Valeris A: Very early enteral supplementation in burned patients.  American J Clin.Nutr. 51:1035-1039; 1990.

 

McDonald W. Sharp C. Deetch E. Immediate internal feeding in burn patients is safe and effective.  Am Surg. 213: 177-183; 1991.

 

Silk D, Fairclough P, Clark M, Hegarty J, Marrs T: Use of peptides rather than free amino acid nitrogen source in chemically defined elemental diets.  JPEN, 4: 548-553, 1990.

 

Roberts P, Zaloga G: Dietary bioactive peptides.  In New Horizons: Society of Critical Care Medicine vol 1: Fullerton CA: 1994, pp 237-250.

 

Demling RH, DeSanti L: Use of anticatabolic agents for burns. Cur Opinion in Crit Care, 2: 482-491, 1996.

 

Demling R, De Santi L. Increased protein intake during the recovery phase after           severe burns increases body weight gain and muscle function. J Burn Care Rehab 19:161-168, 1998.

 

Barbul A, Larzarrow S, Efron O: Arginine enhances wound healing and lymphocyte immune response in humans.  Surgery, 108: 331-336, 1990.

 

Furst P, Abers S, Stehle P: Evidence for a nutritional need for glutamine in catabolic patients.  Kidney Int, 36: 287-291, 1989.

 

Barbul A, Sisto D, Wasserburg H: Metabolic and immune effects of arginine in post injury hypermetabolism. J Trauma, 21: 970-977, 198 1.

 

Cynober L: Arnithine alpha - Ketoglutarate in nutritional support. Nutrition, 7: 313-322, 1991.

 

Michelsen C, Askanazi J, Kinney J, Gumps F: Effect of an anabolic steroid on nitrogen balance and amino acid patterns after total hip replacement.  J Trauma, 22: 410-413, 1982.

 

Gatzen C, Schettiger M, Wilmore D: Growth hormone attenuates the abnormal distribution of body water in critically ill surgical patients.  Surgery, 1 12: 181-185, 1992.

 

Demling R, DeSanti L: Oxandrolone, an anabolic steroid significantly increases the rate of weight gain in the recovery phase after major bums.  J Trauma, 43: 47-52, 1997.

 

Ziegler T: Growth hormone administration during nutritional support: what is to be gained?  In New Horizons. Frontiers in Critical Care Nutrition.  Fullerton CA: Society of Critical Care Medicine, 1994, pp 244-256.

 

Kenyon A, Sandiford 1, Bryan A, Koch F: The effect of testosterone propionate on nitrogen, electrolyte, water, and energy metabolism in eunuchoidism.  Endocrinology, 23: 135-153, 1938.

 

Stehle P, Mertes N:  Effect of parenteral glutamine peptide supplements on muscle glutamine loss and nitrogen balance after major surgery.  Lancet, i: 230-33, 1989.

 

Welbourne T: Increased plasma bicarbonate and growth hormone after an oral glutamine load.  Am J Clin Nutr, 61: 1058-1062, 1995.

 

Wustemann M, Tate N, Elia H: Effect of intramuscular glutamine concentration on              muscle protein synthesis estimated after injury using a constant infusion. Proc Nutr.  Soc. 53: 59, 1993.

 

Karim A, Ranney E, Zagarella BA:  Oxandrolone disposition and metabolism in man.  Clin Pharmacol Ther, 14: 862-66, 1973.

 

Demling Robert H. Comparison of the anabolic effects and complications of human growth hormone and the testosterone analog, oxandrolone, after severe burn injury.  Burns 25: 215-223; 1999.  

 

Sakwrai Y, Aarsland A, Herndon D, Wolfe R:  Stimulation of muscle protein synthesis by long term insulin infusion in severely burned patients. Ann Surg 222: 283-297, 1995

 

Khan K, Wustemann M, Elia M: The effect of severe dietary restoration on intramuscular glutamine concentrations and protein synthesis rate.  Clin Nutr, 10: 120-126, 1991.

 

 

 

 

 


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