Prevention of Frostbite & Hypothermia

Heat loss occurs through conduction, convection, evaporation, radiation, and respiration. Heat loss through conduction and convection can be minimized through the use of insulation and wind-proof materials. Clothing should be worn in layers to trap several layers of still air warmed by body heat.

The best fabrics are wool and polypropylene, with polyester, acrylic, and similar synthetics a close second. Cotton has poor insulating value, especially when wet. These fabrics are worn typically as the innermost two or three layers. Outer layers should be of "lofting materials" such as polyester and nylon pile and fleece. The outermost layer should be windproof and of a water resistance fabric.

Heat loss by evaporation is avoided by wearing water-repellent outer garments, by drying off quickly or changing into dry clothes when wet, and by removing layers when too warm to avoid perspiring. 

Heat loss by radiation is avoided principally by wearing a hat. Circulation to the head is not reduced in the cold, and up to 70% of total body heat can be lost through an uncovered head.

Body parts with a large surface area to volume ratio (nose, ears, toes, and fingers) should be protected. Mittens are preferable to gloves. Tight boots and other garments, which restrict circulation, should be avoided. In cold windy weather, a facemask should be worn, and in extreme conditions the individual should seek shelter. Alcohol and tobacco should be avoided during cold exposure.

Preventing Frostbite and Hypothermia

• Avoid drinking alcoholic beverages when out in the cold. Alcohol increases the heat loss from your body and clouds your judgment and sense of touch.
• Keep your skin dry. Wet skin freezes more rapidly and body heat is rapidly lost. 
• Dress in layers of light rather than bulky, heavy clothes. Waffle weave and cotton clothing are good choices because they trap warm air. Fabrics made with polypropylene will reduce heat loss by keeping perspiration away from your body.
• A closely woven shirt and slacks topped by a sweater is a good choice. Wool is a good insulator. A hooded parka provides an effective outer layer.
• Down filled garments are warm but useless when wet; synthetics provide better insulin in adverse conditions.
• Wear a hat or at least earmuffs to cover your ears. The body loses the greatest amount of heat through the scalp. Ears are especially prone to frostbite. Their skin and underlying tissues are very thin.
• Light cotton socks topped by wool or synthetic socks will keep your feet warm. Using newspaper or some type of paper under your socks  helps to insulate temporarily if socks and shoes get wet. Boots should be high enough to cover ankles. Avoid boots that are too tight; they can decrease circulation.
• Don't wear metal earrings outside in the cold. Metal conducts cold, increasing the risk of frostbite to the ears.
• Don't smoke as smoking impairs your circulation increasing the risk of frostbite.

I know we can't ski very well, but at least we're protected from cold injuries.