References

Malnutrition: General

Warren M, Morgan D. Malnutrition in surgical patients; an unrecognized problem. Lancet. 1977;1:689-692.

Coats K, Morgan S, Bartolucci A. Hospital associated malnutrition: a reevaluation 12 years later. J Am Diet Assoc. 1993;93:27-33.

Mc Camsh M. Malnutrition and nutrition support interventions: costs benefits, outcomes. Nutrition. 1993;4:556-557.

Mouve M, Bokmor T. The prevalence of undiagnosed protein caloric under nutrition in a population of hospitalized elderly patients. J Am Geriatric Soc. 1991;13:202-205.

Abbasi A, Rudman D. Observation of the prevalence of protein-caloric under nutrition in VA nursing homes. J Am Geriatric Soc. 1993;41:117-121.

Morley J, Silver A. Nutrition issues in nursing home care. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123:850-859.

Rudman D, Feller A. Protein-calorie under nutrition in the nursing home. J Am Geriatric Soc. 1989;37:173-183.

Wallace J, Schwartz R, et al. Involuntary weight loss in older outpatients: incidences and clinical significance. J Am Geriatric Soc. 1995;43:329-337.

Windsor J, et al. Weight loss with physiologic impairment: a basic indication of surgical risk. Ann Surg. 1988;207:290-296.

Kotler D, et al. Magnitude of cell body mass depletion and timing of death from wasting in AIDS. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989;50:444-447.

Body Composition

Lukaski H. Methods for the assessment of human body composition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987;46:537-541.

Roubenoff R, Kehajias J. The meaning and measurement of lean body mass. Nutr Rev. 1991;49:163-175.

Malnutrition: Assessment

Daly J. Malnutrition in Care of the Surgical Patient in Scientific American Medicine. New York, New York 1992.

Delsky A, Smalley P, Change J. Is this patient malnourished? JAMA. 1994;271:54-58.

Spiekerman AM. Proteins used in nutritional assessment. Clin Lab Med. 1993;13:253-269.

Lupo L, Pannarele O, Altomare D. Reliability of clinical judgment in evaluation of nutritional statistics of surgical patients. Br J Surg Soc. 1993:1553-1558.

Morgan D, Hill G, Bukenshaw L. The assessment of weight loss from a single measurement of body weight: the problems and limitations. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998;32:2101-2105.

Protein-Energy Malnutrition:
Common Causes

Torun B, Cherv F. Protein-energy Malnutrition. In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. M Shels editor Lea and Felugan. Philadelphia 1994 p 950.

Demling R. Endocrine changes with illness in Current Surgical Therapy. J Cameron ed Mosby, 1998 p 113-1143.

Bessy J. Stress response to injury: endocrinologic and metabolic current Practice of Surgery. L Greenfield ed Churchill. 1995 p 1-12.

Wolfe R. Relation of metabolic studies to clinical nutrition: the example of burn injury. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996;64:800-808.

Wolfe R. An integrated analysis of glucose, fat and protein metabolism in severely traumatized patients. Ann Surg. 1989;209:63-72.

Demling R. Anticatabolic and anabolic strategies in critical illness: a review of current treatment modalities. Shock. 1998;10:155-160.

Streat S, et al. Aggressive nutritional support does not prevent protein loss despite fat gain in septic intensive care patients. J Trauma. 1987;27:262-266.

Bessey. Post traumatic skeletal muscle proteolysis: the role of the hormonal environment. Ward J Surg. 1989;13:465-470.

Malnutrition: Wound Healing and Pressure Ulcers

Breslou R. Nutritional status and dietary intake of patients with pressure ulcers: review of literature. Diabetes. 1991;4:16-21.

Pincheofsky-Devin GD, Kaminski M. Correlation of pressure sores and nutritional status. J Am Geriatric Soc. 1986;34:440-446.